Thea 203: F/Theatre History Since the 17th
Century
Political Theatres, Postmodernism, Performance Art from the 1960Õs –2008. Brockett ch. 23 pp. 511-534 ed 10; (pp. 529-551 ed 9), ch. 24 pp. 538-48 ed 10; (pp. 562-566, 568-76 ed 9); and Wadsworth Anthology sidebar ÒPerformance ArtÓ p. 1130-31 in 6th ed.
Ch 23: Theatre and
Drama After 1968
US fragmented society, hugely divided over Vietnam War
England, similar to US, 1968 brings end of censorship of theatre
Influence of BrechtÕs and AbsurdistsÕ work, globalization, on theatre practice
British Theatre:
*English Stage Company pushed govÕt to end censorship by reconstituting as private club to produce BondÕs Saved (immoral) and OsborneÕs A Patriot for Me (gay play)
*declines in 1980Õs; undergoes huge renovations to bldg in 1990Õs
*Royal Court reopens 2000 (no longer ESC), still committed to new worls
*Emergence of Fringe which picks up many previously censored works
*Devised theatre, theatre by and for communities (ie LGBT or African)
Royal Shakespeare Co: Trevor Nunn takes over, effects style: Nicholas Nickleby, cycle of ShakespeareÕs History plays, minimalist staging
Peter BrookÕs Midsummer NightÕs Dream (makes co solvent)
1982 Barbican in London and 1986 add Swan in Stratford
Les Miserables, Miss Saigon
Management passed to Terry Hands 1987, Adrian Noble 1991
1990Õs employed 700 full time; still focus on DIRECTORSÕ visions
DESIGNER: John Napier
ACTORS:
Derek Jacobi, Judi Dench, Ben Kingsley, Hellen Mirren, Patrick Stewart, Antony Sher
Tear
down and replace Festival Theatre in Stratford; restructure company (began
2001)
Peter Brook to Paris, founds International Center for Theatre Research 1971-2010
International collaborations, tours
Mahabharata, adapted by Carriere, 9 yrs development, premiere Avignon 1985; 9 hrs long!
The Cherry Orchard (1988), Impressions of Pelleas, WhoÕs There (Hamlets in rehearsal, 2001 tour)
Peter Hall to Royal Opera then Royal National, succeeds Olivier in 1973
Royal National Theatre opens on South Bank 1973-6, $32 million
¼ of total national Arts Council budget for theatre
Hall promotes as ÒnationalÓ touring 20 wks a year, diversifying repertoire to include classics, neglected plays, new plays, world drama.
1987 Hall leaves; leadership passes to Richard Eyre; Trevor Nunn in 1997, Nicholas Hytner from 2003
Queen adds "Royal" to name for 25th Anniversary; 1997 extensive renovations
Acting
is primary; company less stable than RSC; ACTORS: Maggie Smith, Anthony
Hopkins, Joan Plowright, Albert Finney; Major
DESIGNER: John Bury
1980's: production costs soar and ticket prices climb. From
1995 National Lottery Fund helps Arts Council &controls rising costs. Many
major theatres undergo massive renovations (Royal Court, Royal Opera, SadlerÕs
Wells, even National)
1997 Reconstructed Globe Theatre opens, w/ company that plays spring – fall.
*Exact
reconstruction, save fire law improvements; holds
16-1700.
*Some
productions use original practices, but many don_t
*AD
Mark Rylance (b. 1960)
EDINBURGH FESTIVAL is major summer theatre festival in Britain, it expands to include "fringe" events.
It's in August; go there if you ever get the chance.
New English writers:
Edward Bond (b. 1935-) Saved (1968), Early Morning, Lear, War Plays
Tom Stoppard (b. 1937-) R&G Are Dead (1967), Real Inspector Hound, Travesties, Arcadia
David Hare (b. 1947-) (began w/ Fringe Portable) Slag, AmyÕs View,
Caryl Churchill (b. 1938-) (began w/ Fringe Joint Stock) Cloud 9 (1979), Top Girls, Mad Forest
US Theatre:
(we will focus on political and multicultural theatres and performance art)
Hair! 1968: Rock music, nudity, profanity, drug use, plotless ÒhappeningÓ or protest or rock concert
New directions for MUSICALS:
*A few rock musicals follow; musicals do NOT convert to the
new popular music en masse: Andrew
Lloyd Webber (Jesus Christ Superstar)
and Stephen Schwartz (Godspell)
The Who_s Tommy
*Many musicals with darker material, tragic endings (begins
early 60's)
*BOB FOSSE (1927-1987) responds with darker staging style
and choreography (Cabaret, Pippin,
Chicago) Sexually explicit but dark, ugly. Angular,
turned in, percussive dance style.
*CONCEPT MUSICAL and Stephen SONDHEIM (b.1930): Company, 1970, Follies, 1971 Sweeney Todd,
1980, Sunday in the Park with George,
1984, Into the Woods, 1987, Assassins, 1991
*EUROPEAN MUSICALS: America loses primacy in musical
theatre:
Andrew LLOYD WEBBER, English. (Evita, 1979, Cats, Phantom of the Opera, Sunset
Boulevard)
Alain BOUBLIL and Claude-Michel SCHONBERG, French. (Les Miserables,
Miss Saigon)
*Now: Disney has cleaned up 42nd St; The Lion King, Beauty and the Beast_is
this how America will regain primacy on the musical stage? Also around Times
Square Livent (Ragtime)
created Ford Center for Performing Arts, American Airlines theatre remodeled
for Roundabout.
*Continuing European successes, but revivals of Golden Age
shows also thrive: Carousal, Cabaret;
and dance shows with minimal plot ie. Fosse, Riverdance,
Tap Dogs, Contact
*Prince Music Theatre Workshop in Philadelphia
Off-off-Broadway_s experimental theatres, artistically and
politically committed:
LIVING THEATRE returns from abroad (tax evasion) w/ Paradise Now (1968)
Participatory piece, 8 parts, at the end take revolution to streetsanti-text, interact with audience, Artaud
Some existing texts: ie GenetÕs The Maids; mostly their own texts
Beck died 1985; Malina continues
co. on a smaller scale
Not
in My Name _ anti death penalty play performed in Times Sq with each
execution
BREAD AND PUPPET: Peter Schumann, 1961-now. NYC ->
Vermont
*puppets of all sizes plus actor.
*"Art is food" serve bread with shows, anti
materialism of America
http://www.gpdesigns.com/puppets/
OPEN THEATRE: 1963-73, Joe CHAIKIN out of Living Theatre,
plays of Jean-Claude van Italie, Megan Terry, Maria
Irene Fornes.
*Investigate what is unique to theatre; a workshop
group
*Use techniques of Polish Jerzy
GROTOWSKI: POOR THEATRE, actors create necessary sound, props, sets, even
light, fluidly change character, often present poetic text without
characterization.
RIDICULOUS THEATRICAL COMPANY: Charles Ludlam,
director and playwright
*First gay company; influences camp and drag in gay culture
*1967-1999
LaMAMA ETC: Ellen Stewart, 1961->now.
*Expands to host international experimental works, continues
to provide a place for anything off-beat, encourages
minority writers and groups.
*From 1969 til now, they produce
more in 1 year than all Broadway
Experimental
theatres outside NYC (Note below the regional rep cos.)
SAN
FRANCISCO MIME TROUP: RG Davis, 1959 -> now.
*current issues, no longer mime,
usually music involved, heavy improvisation,
*perform free in parks
EL TEATRO CAMPESINO: Luis Valdez, director and playwright,
1965 - now.
*Mexican-American theatre,
*goes
into California fields to perform "actos"
or political farces and "mitos" plays of Mex-Am. culture for migrant farmworkers.
http://www.elteatrocampesino.com/
FREE SOUTHERN THEATRE: Gilbert Moses and John O'Neal, 1963.
New forms of African American drama, tied to civil rights and black power
movements.
EAST WEST PLAYERS 1965, Los Angeles_
Little Tokyo district.
David Henry HwangÕs enormous success with M. Butterfly in 1988 spurs more
Asian-American theatres.
NATIVE AMERICAN THEATRE ENSEMBLE: Hanay
Geiogamah, 1972
FEMINIST THEATRE GROUPS: WOW Caf_
(Lower East Side), Spiderwoman, Split Britches, At the
Foot of the Mountain, Omaha Magic Theatre
OFF-BROADWAY:
Continues; mostly produces revivals, successes picked up by Broadway;
increasingly mainstream as midtown costs soar
MANHATTAN THEATRE CLUB: 1970-> now. promote
new plays, readings, workshops
NEW YORK SHAKESPEARE FESTIVAL, 1954, PUBLIC THEATRE , 1967,
*Delacorte Theatre in central
park, still free shows in the summer
*Joe Papp (1921-1991), producer
*Public passed to JoAnne Akalaitis
in 1991; too postmodern; then George C. Wolfe in 1993
LINCOLN CENTER: rocky start thru 70's, now premieres many
plays by established writers, ie Edward Albee, Wendy
Wasserstein; added international festival summer 1996.
BROADWAY
is down to about 35 theatres producing c. 30 shows/year.
*Mostly
musicals, most transfer after success in another venue.
*Tickets top $100.
*Age and income bracket of audiences are very high.
*Only for profit theatre left, along with tours.
www.ibdb.com for historical Broadway info; www.playbill.com for current
NON
PROFIT, REGIONAL REPERTORY COMPANIES: many more appear: Yale Rep, AD Lloyd
Richards, Eugene O'Neill Center AD Lloyd Richards, American Rep Theatre AD
Robert Brustein, Actor's Theatre of Louisville AD Jon
Jory, Mark Taper Forum AD Gordon Davidson, Seattle
Rep.
*LORT is League of Resident Theatres; negotiates contracts
w/ unions, etc
*Continuing Rep Cos: Arena Stage AD Zelda Fichhandler,
Guthrie AD Liviu Ciulei
*Theatre Communications Group, supports and promotes non profit theatres, publishes the monthly American Theatre, has 350 member
institutions.
*Sometimes a proving ground for Broadway-bound productions,
offer varied seasons of classics, new plays, musicals.
*Many have 2nd smaller, flexible space for new or
experimental plays.
CHICAGO
becomes "Second City", with Goodman, Steppenwolf, Organic, Wisdom
Bridge, Victory Gardens, Body Politic, and about 150 total companies, mostly
experimental companies.
*Improv
is hugethere; companies include Second City, ImprovOlympic
*Chicago
style of acting and writing develops; working class
themes and characters, very physical acting style, whether in realism or
symbolic dramas
*League of Chicago Theatres
TORONTO: 3rd biggest by 1990's. Other important centers: LA,
Seattle, San Francisco, Washington DC, Boston
UNIVERSITIES: many more theatre departments emerge, many out
of English depts. BA and BFA degress
on undergraduate level; MA or MFA; PhD or DFA. Most with graduate
programs partner w/ LORT theatres.
PLAYWRIGHTS: ch 23 pp. 542-546, ch 24 pp. 570-572 (you fill in plays, and feel free to add
names)
Sam SHEPARD (b. 1943)
Lanford
WILSON (b. 1937)
David MAMET (b. 1947)
Marsha NORMAN (b. 1947)
Maria Irene FORNES (b. Cuba 1930), also director, INTAR
Beth HENLEY (b. 1952)
Adrienne KENNEDY
Leroi
Jones/ Amiri BARAKA (b. 1934) Dutchman, 1964
Ed BULLINS (b. 1935)
August WILSON (b. 1945)
George C. WOLFE (b. 1955, also director)
David Henry HWANG (b. 1957)
Milcha
Sanchez SCOTT
Harvey FIERSTEIN (b. 1954)
Tony KUSHNER (b. 1956)
Paula VOGEL (b. 1951)
Suzan Lori PARKS (b. 1963)
NEW DIRECTORS c. 2000
Julie TAYMOR (Lion King, first woman to win Tony for
directing)
Anne BOGART (Saratoga International Theatre Institutre; Sourcework and
Viewpoints)
POSTMODERNISM:
(see pp 546-547) style of writing, directing, designing, performing.
*Characterized by pastiche,
*rejection
of UNITY of directorial style, visual style, or individual's ego;
*emphasize
disjunction, poetic evocation;
*draw
focus to media of theatre and to process of theatre;
*often
mix pop and high art;
*Post-structuralism
as a cluster of theories of culture, art and literature, pervades postmodernism
especially in the following ways:
*assume specific communication is impossible;
language fragments, misleads
*unity
of subject or character rejected; multiple subject
positions
*text as created by audience or a producing
team contrasted with work by author
*authorial
fallacy
Challenges
to theatreÕs aesthetic from
*Happenings: Allan Kaprow
break down audience/participant barrier
*Environmental theatre,:
Richard Schechner and Performance Group
*Postmodern examples: Writer/directors Richard Foreman,
Robert Wilson, Emily Mann
*Directors: Andrei Serban, Peter Sellars, Joanne Akalaitis
*Performance collectives: The Wooster Group, 1975, Elizabeth LeCompte; Ontologic-Hysteric Theatre,
Richard Foreman AD
*Venue: BAMÕs Next Wave Festival,
P.S. 122
*New
Vaudeville 1980Õs -90Õs: Bill Irwin, Flying Karamazov, Cirque de Soleil, Michael Moschen. Combine circus or
vaudeville and performance art
FUNDING: Only Broadway, touring shows, very few others are for profit corporations. *Most Off-Broadway,
OOB, Regional Reps and all experimental cos. are non profit corporations, enabling them to serve as tax shelters for
donors and to exist tax free themselves; however all profits must be returned
to the company.
*National
Endowment for the Arts, since 1965, has had small money to
grant to adjudicated companies and individual artists, across all art forms. ($.38
per capita, down from 1992Õs high of $.70 per capita). 1990 grants to
individual artists ended due to controversy over Òdefunded four:Ó Karen Finley,
Holly Hughes, Tim Miller, John Fleck; new provision of Ògeneral standards of
decencyÓ caused law suits, went to the Supreme Court 1998.
*Other
private corporations, like the Ford
Foundation, provide grants to help the non profit
sector. Private donations, special union contracts or non-union labor also help
such companies exist.
Performance Art in Worthen/Wadsworth Anthology:
Background from Brockett: Happenings, Judson Church in the Village are1960Õs
precursors:
*involves artists working across
disciplines,
*combine media in non-traditional ways
*intersects
more and more with "theatre" in 70's and 80's
Developed mid 1960Õs; diverse be we can generalize by
*solo works
*direct address to audience
*no fictitious character, plot, narrative
*persona of performer more than a character
*may use dance, music, any art media along w/ physical presence
*may be in a theatre or in public space
Centrality of body: Chris Burden shoots himself in the arm, Laurie Anderson plays violin on giant block of ice, Linda Montano ties herself to boyfriend for a year.
Solo performance monologues: Anna Deveare SmithÕs ÒOn the RoadÓ with speaking words edited from interviews like Fires in the Mirror (1992). Holly Hughes ÒWorld Without EndÓ (1989), Tim Miller ÒMy Queer Body,Ó Karen Finley ÒConstant State of Desire,Ó Spalding Gray (member of Wooster Group) ÒSwimming to CambodiaÓ (1984) ÒMonster in a BoxÓ (1990). Also John Leguizamo, Marga Gomez, Eric Bogosian, and even Whoopie Goldberg was discovered by Spielberg doing solo performance.