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Since the 19th century, the church of Zsámbék was continuously a focus of scholars' interest. The present paper intends to research the church ruins with a new aspect. Using an accurate terrestrial laser scan survey, the geometry of the plan is analysed in order to find proportions among the dimensions. The main goal of the study is to gather information about the design logic of the first masters of the 13th-century Premonstratensian abbey. In addition, our goal was to detect contributions to the 13th-century construction history of the church, that cannot be found in archives of graphic sources. The latest archaeological excavation achieved excellent results concerning several crucial historical points; however, the periodization of the church is still not entirely clarified. From the 19th century, different scholars have proposed various hypotheses about this topic, without consensus.
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Medieval monasteries often went beyond their religious mission and developed into economic, social, and educational centres. These were not spared from violent attack on the part of the gentry. The defence of such monasteries is, however, a poorly investigated area in bioarchaeological studies. A recently excavated skeletal sample found in front of the western gate of the Abbey Church at the Teplá monastery (Czech Republic) dated between the 13th and 15th century AD provides us a unique opportunity to fill this gap. The analysis of skeletal trauma reveals that 13 out of 30 individuals exhibited trauma, of which 69% were confidently related to violence. All individuals with injuries were males, and half of them were younger than 30 years of age. The presence of ante-mortem injuries indicates that males likely had previous combat experience, were successfully treated, and their bodies were buried with respect and care. The most probable explanation of our findings is that the individuals were a group of clients who were tasked with the defence of the Teplá monastery. Other, less likely explanations assume that individuals were laity, monastery benefactors, and/or canons killed during several different violent attacks directed at the monastery.
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The settlement of Premonstratensian canons and nuns is addressed against the backdrop of the political and ecclesiastical settings of the Czech Lands and Ireland. Colonization was accomplished through political alliances, religious circles, and interaction with the central authority at Prémontré during transitional phases of diocesan reform in Bohemia, Moravia, and Connacht, and Anglo-Norman acculturation in Ulster. The letters of the father abbot at Steinfeld and the abbots of Prémontré indicate their concerns for the future prospects of the distant monasteries, the needs of new communities, and how they reacted in different ways to maintain standards of uniformity and discipline.
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The Altenberg Retable is one of the most important works of German art from the early 14th century. Composed of a shrine, a Madonna figure, and painted wings, it once adorned the high altar of the convent church in Altenberg/Lahn. The side and rear walls of the shrine were overpainted in 1609. Although conventional methods such as infrared reflectography and X-ray radiography could not reveal the underlying medieval paint layer, we succeeded by conducting μ-X-Ray fluorescent studies. The latter measurements included a handheld spectrometer as well as μ-X-Ray fluorescent large area scanner. Nine sections of the side and rear walls were examined as well as a field on one of the wings (as a reference). In each section, spectra were recorded that comprised about 20 elements ranging from K to Bi. Maps of Ca, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, As, Hg, and Pb were evaluated and interpreted on the basis of the results of prior color sampling analysis. By superposing several element maps, the original medieval iconographic program with its rows of standing saints could be revealed. With the help of iconographic comparison, these saints could be identified: St. Christopher in the central part of the rear wall, flanked by the 4 female saints Clare, Agnes, Dorothy, and Barbara. On the side walls, the apostles Peter and Paul, as well as the deacons Stephen and Lawrence were depicted. Discussed are not only different scenarios of usage for these images behind the altar but also the limits and possibilities of the measurement technology in this specific application.
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