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The work presents the foundation process and people involved in bringing and providing the Norbertines and then the Benedictine monks in Kościelna Wieś near Kalisz. History of the monastery of St. Lawrence in the 12th and 13th centuries is inextricably associated with two orders: the Premonstratensians and the Benedictine monks. The Norbertines, governed by the rule of St. Augustine reformed by Saint. Norbert of Xanten, emphasized strict observation of the rule and the subordination of branch monasteries to the mother monasteries. In turn, the Benedictines, who applied a rule based on the honor of God and man, as well as obedience, were engaged in liturgy, intellectual activity and physical work. The beginnings of the monastery of St. Wawrzyniec in Kościelna Wieś is not completely known, but there are differences in the assessment of researchers as to the time of its creation. Sporadic source information and discrepancies in historians' positions mean that the date of the monastery's foundation remains a matter of debate. Moreover, there is no unanimity as to the founder of the monastery. Researchers put forward various proposals, often based on different chronological assumptions. Although the existence of the Premonstratensians in Kościelna Wieś near Kalisz ended in the early 1290s, their activity brought benefits to the region, especially in the context of contacts and protection. The Benedictines, who were the provost of the Tyniec monastery, received subsequent property grants, although their activity was limited by their dependence on the Tyniec abbey and the general decline in the importance of the order in Poland in favor of others, such as the Cistercians and Premonstratensians.
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During the later middle ages holding an abbey in commendam meant that is was granted to a secular clergyman, for example a bishop, a dean or a secular canon. At Saint Michael's abbey in Antwerp as well as in Tongerlo these commendators were influential members of the Burgundian court and high-ranking ecclesiastical officials. These princes of the church gave the duke more control over his clergymen and were in return provided with a substantially increased income. Ferry de Clugny made at Tongerlo in the years 1470-1471 the first successful intrusion in a Premonstratensian monastery in Brabant. His aspirations could be bought off by a lifelong rent. Diederik van Tuldel (1419-1494), the abbot of Park since 1462, undertook different diplomatic initiatives at the papal court in order to safeguard the Brabantine abbeys from more commendators. Despite many apostolic letters and guarantees his efforts were vain. In 1477 two bishops were appointed as the heads of the communities of Antwerp and Tongerlo. The reign of the commendatory prelates started at an ill fated moment, just a few weeks after the death of Duke Charles the Bold. The central government was not able any longer to support firmly the commendators in their struggle to obtain their offices and revenues. In contrast to the many collations of Benedictine abbeys in commendam the princes of the church faced well-informed and organized opponents. At several times the different Brabantine abbots gathered to discuss the state of affairs and took action against the commendators. Diederik van Tuldel and his fellow prelates knew every move of the secular abbots and their supporters. Therefore the abbot of Park could rely upon a network of trustful informers and skilled negotiators, including abbots and Premonstratensian delegates as well as merchants and church officials at the papal court. The last commendator finally resigned in 1481, but it had necessitated many funds to compel the secular abbots to desist from their prerogatives. Since his journey to Rome in 1475 Diederik van Tuldel had co-ordinated the defense of the liberties and rights of Saint Norbert's order and had taken care of the financial settlements. With the repetitive, but sometimes reluctant, consent of the order's general chapter the taille, a taxation within the order, was used. It lasted almost fifteen years before all the debts were reimbursed.
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Anthropologische Analyse der Knochenüberreste aus dem Kloster Louka bei Znaim
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Discusses leather finds from a cesspit of the Premonstratensian nunnery of Sint-Gerlach in Houthem excavated in 1993-1996, including a girdle for a sword datable to 1340-1370 and fragments of several types of shoes
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[L'abbaye de Strahov et le village medieval de Stresovice]
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Looking at the Opusculum from a literary studies perspective (form, stylizing, stereotyped attitudes, intention, reader’s point of view) one arrives at the following results: The descriptio historiae consists of a continuous description of the internal, spiritual, and intellectual struggle of the autobiographical ego. Individual experiences of his life are only reported in so far as they are important for the progression of conversion. „Historical Persons“ mentioned in the text do not have their own personality: Jews are stylized as adversaries of the conversion (according to the stereotyped attitudes stemming from the theological tradition). Christians, however, are made into role models. The identity of the autobiographical writer is the identity of an ordained Christian priest. His former Jewish identity is portrayed as „non-identity“. The intention of the work is not to be, as it was assumed in the past, a defence against the reproach that the conversion took place for opportunistic reasons. Nor is it an attempt to respond with anti-Semitic comments to latent hostile feelings against the former Jew. On the contrary, the intention is to show Christian readers an example of how to part Jews from their „hardening“ and win them for Christianity by gentleness and charity. The work attempts, as the second Crusade quickly approaches (among other things) to support efforts that defend Jews from encroachments.
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