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This paper studies different aspects related to latin philology, textual critics, palaeography and medieval toponymy from three diplomatic medieval collections which have been recently published in Spain (Bujedo de Candepajares, Nicolás III and Calatayud).
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Places of authentication and the court of special royal presence. Remarks on the activity of the convent of Leles in the early fifteenth century
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Six of the seven charters discussed above deal with the protracted conflict between the Ninove Abbey and Gerard II of Grimbergen, situated between 1144 and 1167. We consider the first (1138) of the three charters of Bishop Nicholas I of Cambrai as the authentic charter of foundation of the abbey, containing the deed of donation of Gerard I of Ninove. The second charter of 1139 is of doubtful authenticity. The episcopal charter of 1165, which contains a detailed list of goods of the abbey, is regarded as authentic. The two last mentioned charters can already be situated within the conflict between the abbey and Gerard II of Grimbergen. The abbey used the falsified charter of 1139, presumably made between 1144 and 1147, in order to avoid the conflict. With the charter of 1165 the abbey wanted – via the authority of bishop Nicholas II– to resolve the conflict once and for all. The three charters of the Counts of Flanders were issued in a very short span (between 1166-1167) at the height of the conflict. They deal with the Ninove Abbey's right of the advocatia, which was originally by hereditary right connected to the dominium of the Lords of Ninove. In his charter of 1163/1166 Count Philip of Alsace claimed this right. The 1142 charter of his father Thierry, in which Gerard I of Ninove donates the advocatia to the Count, has been drawn and issued but in 1166-1167 in the Ninove Abbey. This is a logical link between Count Philip's two charters concerning the advocatia. In the 1167 charter of the Count the conflict is definitely resolved: Gerard II of Grimbergen is forced to accept the Count's prerogatives concerning the advocatia of the abbey. At the same time we have drawn a picture of the broader context of the Count's appearance and we have proved that Philip of Alsace – with his intervention in the Ninove conflict – introduced a new kind of politics in relation to the organisation of the central authority of the Count in the county of Flanders in general and in the Land of Aalst in particular. The charters issued in the period between 1165 and 1167 were a key moment and turning point in the history of the Ninove Abbey of the 12th century. In 1167 a period of conflicts with the relatives of the founder had been ended and a new period of rest, welfare and protection by the Count had been announced. The Ninove Liber Miraculorum offers a probing report on this change.
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The work presents the foundation process and people involved in bringing and providing the Norbertines and then the Benedictine monks in Kościelna Wieś near Kalisz. History of the monastery of St. Lawrence in the 12th and 13th centuries is inextricably associated with two orders: the Premonstratensians and the Benedictine monks. The Norbertines, governed by the rule of St. Augustine reformed by Saint. Norbert of Xanten, emphasized strict observation of the rule and the subordination of branch monasteries to the mother monasteries. In turn, the Benedictines, who applied a rule based on the honor of God and man, as well as obedience, were engaged in liturgy, intellectual activity and physical work. The beginnings of the monastery of St. Wawrzyniec in Kościelna Wieś is not completely known, but there are differences in the assessment of researchers as to the time of its creation. Sporadic source information and discrepancies in historians' positions mean that the date of the monastery's foundation remains a matter of debate. Moreover, there is no unanimity as to the founder of the monastery. Researchers put forward various proposals, often based on different chronological assumptions. Although the existence of the Premonstratensians in Kościelna Wieś near Kalisz ended in the early 1290s, their activity brought benefits to the region, especially in the context of contacts and protection. The Benedictines, who were the provost of the Tyniec monastery, received subsequent property grants, although their activity was limited by their dependence on the Tyniec abbey and the general decline in the importance of the order in Poland in favor of others, such as the Cistercians and Premonstratensians.
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During the later middle ages holding an abbey in commendam meant that is was granted to a secular clergyman, for example a bishop, a dean or a secular canon. At Saint Michael's abbey in Antwerp as well as in Tongerlo these commendators were influential members of the Burgundian court and high-ranking ecclesiastical officials. These princes of the church gave the duke more control over his clergymen and were in return provided with a substantially increased income. Ferry de Clugny made at Tongerlo in the years 1470-1471 the first successful intrusion in a Premonstratensian monastery in Brabant. His aspirations could be bought off by a lifelong rent. Diederik van Tuldel (1419-1494), the abbot of Park since 1462, undertook different diplomatic initiatives at the papal court in order to safeguard the Brabantine abbeys from more commendators. Despite many apostolic letters and guarantees his efforts were vain. In 1477 two bishops were appointed as the heads of the communities of Antwerp and Tongerlo. The reign of the commendatory prelates started at an ill fated moment, just a few weeks after the death of Duke Charles the Bold. The central government was not able any longer to support firmly the commendators in their struggle to obtain their offices and revenues. In contrast to the many collations of Benedictine abbeys in commendam the princes of the church faced well-informed and organized opponents. At several times the different Brabantine abbots gathered to discuss the state of affairs and took action against the commendators. Diederik van Tuldel and his fellow prelates knew every move of the secular abbots and their supporters. Therefore the abbot of Park could rely upon a network of trustful informers and skilled negotiators, including abbots and Premonstratensian delegates as well as merchants and church officials at the papal court. The last commendator finally resigned in 1481, but it had necessitated many funds to compel the secular abbots to desist from their prerogatives. Since his journey to Rome in 1475 Diederik van Tuldel had co-ordinated the defense of the liberties and rights of Saint Norbert's order and had taken care of the financial settlements. With the repetitive, but sometimes reluctant, consent of the order's general chapter the taille, a taxation within the order, was used. It lasted almost fifteen years before all the debts were reimbursed.
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