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This study presents an until now unknown original text of the first review of the Premonstratensian statutes from the year 1154/55 following the Munich manuscript Clm 1031 originating from the abbey of Windberg. The oldest statutes of the order, edited by R. Van Waefelghem, have been ratified in 1130 during the first general chapter and were confirmed by Pope Innocent II on petition of the founder himself, Norbert of Xanten. A decree of the general chapter from about 1140, concerning the whole order and regulating the dissolution of the double monasteries, has never existed. The famous decree, which prohibeted the further admission of women into the double monasteries, cannot have been issued by the general chapter before 1155. Probably it did not exist until the occidental schism (1159-1177). 22 decrees from 1140 to 1153 as well as the special statutes for the converses from 1154 are published about the above mentioned Munich manuscript.
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Another attempt at dating the foundation of the Premonstratensian nunnery in Strzelno
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[Die Geschichte der Prämonstratenser in Šahy]
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Sonderfall der Konfirmationsurkunde des Markgrafen Johann Heinrich für die Prämonstratenser aus Zábrdovice aus dem Jahr 1360
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[Das Kloster Strahov. Baugeschichte der Basilika von 1182 bis zur Zeit des Abts Lohelius]
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The Premonstratensian abbeys were mostly located in the countryside and are often characterised as rural institutions. However, from an early date they developed many links with the cities, which was certainly the case in the Low Countries, an area experiencing a strong process of urbanisation during the late Middle Ages. In the contacts between the abbeys and the cities a crucial role appears to have been played by the houses ('hospicia' or 'mansiones') the abbeys owned in the cities for their own use. These houses, often of considerable size and splendour, fulfilled various functions for the abbeys, functions which developed over time. During the 12th-14th centuries the urban mansions were used mainly for storage, transport and marketing of food stuffs produced on the monastic lands, for instance on nearby granges. With the decline of direct exploitation and the rise of monetarised leasing, however, this function declined. Other functions came more to the fore, such as a base for purchasing goods on the urban market, and a place of residence for negotiations, study or political matters requiring a stay in the city. Also the urban mansions were used more and more as permanent residences, mainly for (retired) abbots. Especially during the religious troubles in the 16th century another function surfaced: that of urban refuge. Thus, these urban houses mirrored the manyfold contacts between abbeys and cities, and also the changes these contacts underwent in time.
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The first chapter of this study is devoted chiefly to examining the relationship among the oldest monastic rules of Citeaux, Kloosterrade, Oigny and Prémontré, the examination showing that, for the chapters of those rules that are similar, there is line of dependence running from Citeaux to Prémontré to Oigny and from Kloosterrade to Prémontré to Oigny. This insight has also led to the conclusion that the oldest version of the Premonstratensian Rule is not the PW text and that a Px version must have existed of which the PW text is a later variant. Oigny did not copy the PW version, but rather a Px’ version, which is a hypothetical variant of Px. The second chapter goes into more detail about the reasons why, in the Premonstratensian Rule, the superior was called abbas (abbot) and the second in authority prepositus (provost). This is interpreted as a compromise between the German tradition, in which the superior was known as prepositus, and the French tradition, in which he was known as abbas. In the third chapter, lastly, an examination is made of the relationship among the rules of Prémontré, Citeaux and Arrouaise for lay brothers, and shows that the Rule of Prémontré was the oldest, a conclusion that is diametrically opposed to the recent position taken by C. Waddell that the Lay-brother Rule of Citeaux had already been drawn up around 1120 and was thus older than that of Prémontré. The examination also shows that, in its first edition, the Rule of Arrouaise adopted elements of the Premonstratensian Rule and was subsequently supplemented with elements from the oldest Lay-brother Rule of Citeaux and the later Rule of Prémontré.
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